During the Romantic period, many American composers of hymns and church music drew inspiration from the rich musical traditions established by great Classical composers from Europe. This influence included the incorporation of complex harmonies and structured forms that were prevalent in European musical practices. Composers looked to figures such as Beethoven and Brahms for stylistic guidance, which helped to elevate the musical quality and emotional depth of American church music beyond simple melody and harmony.
While the other options present valid sources of musical inspiration in different contexts, they do not primarily capture the dominant influence on Romantic-era hymnody. Native American traditions and folk music certainly contributed to the overall musical landscape of America, and spiritual themes from African American communities came into play significantly later, especially in the context of gospel music. However, the formative techniques and stylistic elements conveyed through the works of established Classical composers had a more direct effect on the development of hymn and church music during this specific period.